P455:1, 41:0.1 The characteristic space phenomenon which sets
off each local creation from all others is the presence of the Creative Spirit.
A Master Physical Controller works in co-ordination with the system power
center, serving as liaison chief of the power inspectors
and functioning throughout the local system.
P457:3, 41:2.4 The circuitizing and channelizing of energy is
supervised by the living and intelligent energy manipulators. Through the action
of such physical controllers the supervising power centers are in complete and
perfect control of a majority of the basic energies of space, including the
emanations of highly heated orbs and the dark energy-charged spheres. This group
can mobilize, transform, transmute, manipulate, and transmit nearly all of the
physical energies of organized space.
P457:4, 41:2.5 Life has inherent capacity for the mobilization and transmutation of universal energy. You are familiar with the action of vegetable life in transforming the material energy of light into the varied manifestations of the vegetable kingdom. You also know something of the method whereby this vegetative energy can be converted into the phenomena of animal activities, but you know practically nothing of the technique of the power directors and the physical controllers, who are endowed with ability to mobilize, transform, directionize, and concentrate the manifold energies of space.
P457:5, 41:2.6 These controllers do not directly concern themselves with energy as a component factor of living creatures, not even with the domain of physiological chemistry. They are sometimes concerned with the physical preliminaries of life, with the elaboration of those energy systems that may serve as the physical vehicles for the living energies of elementary material organisms. In a way the physical controllers are related to the pre-living manifestations of material energy as the adjutant mind-spirits are concerned with the pre-spiritual functions of material mind.
P457:6, 41:2.7 These power controllers and energy directors
must adjust their technique on each sphere in accordance with the physical
constitution and architecture of the planet. They unfailingly utilize the
calculations and deductions of their respective staffs of physicists and other
technical advisers regarding the local influence of highly heated suns and other
types of supercharged stars. Even the enormous cold and dark giants of space and
the swarming clouds of stardust must be reckoned with; all of these material
things are concerned in the practical problems of energy manipulation.
P457:7, 41:2.8 The power-energy supervision of the evolutionary
inhabited worlds is the responsibility of the Master Physical Controllers, but
these controllers are not responsible for all energy misbehavior on Earth. There
are a number of reasons for such disturbances, some of which are beyond the
domain and control of the physical custodians. Earth is in the lines of
tremendous energies, a small planet in the circuit of enormous masses, and the
local controllers sometimes employ enormous numbers of their order in an effort
to equalize these lines of energy.
P458:1, 41:3.1 The Universe Power Directors initiate the
specialized currents of energy which play between the individual stars and their
respective systems. These solar furnaces, together with the dark giants of
space, serve the power centers and physical controllers as way stations for the
effective concentrating and directionizing of the energy circuits of the
material creations.
P458:2, 41:3.2 The material composition of all suns, dark
islands, planets, and satellites, even meteors, is quite identical. These suns
have an average diameter of about one million miles, that of your own solar orb
being slightly less. The largest star in the universe, the stellar cloud
Antares, is four hundred and fifty times the diameter of your sun and is sixty
million times its volume. But there is abundant space to accommodate all of
these enormous suns. They have just as much comparative elbowroom in space, as
one dozen oranges would have if they were circulating about throughout the
interior of Earth, and were the planet a hollow globe.
P458:3, 41:3.3 All suns are originally truly gaseous, though
they may later transiently exist in a semi-liquid state. When your sun attained
this quasi-liquid state of super-gas pressure, it was not sufficiently large to
split equatorially, this being one type of double star formation.
P458:4, 41:3.4 When less than one tenth the size of your sun,
these fiery spheres rapidly contract, condense, and cool. When upwards of thirty
times its size -- rather thirty times the gross content of actual material --
suns readily split into two separate bodies, either becoming the centers of new
systems or else remaining in each other's gravity grasp and revolving about a
common center as one type of double star.
P458:5, 41:3.5 The most recent of the major cosmic eruptions was the extraordinary double star explosion, the light of which reached Earth in A.D. 1572. This conflagration was so intense that the explosion was clearly visible in broad daylight.
P458:6, 41:3.6 Not all stars are solid, but many of the older
ones are. Some of the reddish, faintly glimmering stars have acquired a density
at the center of their enormous masses which would be expressed by saying that
one cubic inch of such a star, if on Earth, would weigh six thousand pounds. The
enormous pressure, accompanied by loss of heat and circulating energy, has
resulted in bringing the orbits of the basic material units closer and closer
together until they now closely approach the status of electronic condensation.
This process of cooling and contraction may continue to the limiting and
critical explosion point of ultimatonic condensation.
P459:1, 41:3.7 Most of the giant suns are relatively young;
most of the dwarf stars are old, but not all. The collisional dwarfs may be very
young and may glow with an intense white light, never having known an initial
red stage of youthful shining. Both very young and very old suns usually shine
with a reddish glow. The yellow tinge indicates moderate youth or approaching
old age, but the brilliant white light signifies robust and extended adult life.
P459:2, 41:3.8 While all adolescent suns do not pass through a
pulsating stage, at least not visibly, when looking out into space you may
observe many of these younger stars whose gigantic respiratory heaves require
from two to seven days to complete a cycle. Our own sun still carries a
diminishing legacy of the mighty upswellings of its younger days, but the period
has lengthened from the former three and one-half day pulsations to the present
eleven and one-half year sunspot cycles.
P459:3, 41:3.9 Stellar variables have numerous origins. In some
double stars the tides caused by rapidly changing distances as the two bodies
swing around their orbits also occasion periodic fluctuations of light. These
gravity variations produce regular and recurrent flares, just as the capture of
meteors by the accretion of energy-material at the surface would result in a
comparatively sudden flash of light that would speedily recede to normal
brightness for that sun. Sometimes a sun will capture a stream of meteors in a
line of lessened gravity opposition, and occasionally collisions cause stellar
flare-ups, but the majority of such phenomena are wholly due to internal
fluctuations.
P459:4, 41:3.10 In one group of variable stars the period of
light fluctuation is directly dependent on luminosity, and knowledge of this
fact enables astronomers to utilize such suns as universe lighthouses or
accurate measuring points for the further exploration of distant star clusters.
By this technique it is possible to measure stellar distances most precisely up
to more than one million light-years. Better methods of space measurement and
improved telescopic technique will allow us to recognize several of these
immense sectors as enormous and fairly symmetrical star clusters.
P459:5, 41:4.1 The mass of our sun, according to physicists, is about two octillion (2 x 10^27) tons. It now exists about halfway between the densest and the most diffuse stars, having about one and one-half times the density of water. But our sun is neither a liquid nor a solid -- it is gaseous -- and this is true notwithstanding the difficulty of explaining how gaseous matter can attain this and even much greater densities.
P459:6, 41:4.2 Gaseous, liquid, and solid states are matters of atomic-molecular relationships, but density is a relationship of space and mass. Density varies directly with the quantity of mass in space and inversely with the amount of space in mass, the space between the central cores of matter and the particles that whirl around these centers as well as the space within such material particles.
P459:7, 41:4.3 Cooling stars can be physically gaseous and
tremendously dense at the same time. Many people are not familiar with the solar
super-gases, but these and other unusual forms of matter explain how even
nonsolid suns can attain a density equal to iron -- about the same as Earth --
and yet be in a highly heated gaseous state and continue to function as suns.
The atoms in these dense super-gases are exceptionally small; they contain few
electrons. Such suns have also largely lost their free ultimatonic stores of
energy.
P460:1, 41:4.4 One of our near-by suns, which started life
with about the same mass as ours, has now contracted almost to the size of
Earth, having become sixty thousand times as dense as our sun. The weight of
this hot-cold gaseous-solid is about one ton per cubic inch. And still this sun
shines with a faint reddish glow, the senile glimmer of a dying monarch of
light.
P460:2, 41:4.5 Most of the suns, however, are not so dense. One of your nearer
neighbors has a density exactly equal to that of our atmosphere at sea level. If
you were in the interior of this sun, you would be unable to discern anything.
And temperature permitting, you could penetrate the majority of the suns which
twinkle in the night sky and notice no more matter than you perceive in the air
of your earthly living rooms.
P460:3, 41:4.6 The massive sun of Veluntia, one of the largest
in Orvonton, has a density only one one-thousandth that of Earth's atmosphere.
Were it in composition similar to your atmosphere and not superheated, it would
be such a vacuum that human beings would speedily suffocate if they were in or
on it.
P460:4, 41:4.7 Another of the Orvonton giants now has a surface
temperature a trifle under three thousand degrees. Its diameter is over three
hundred million miles -- ample room to accommodate our sun and the present orbit
of the earth. And yet, for all this enormous size, over forty million times that
of our sun, its mass is only about thirty times greater. These enormous suns
have an extending fringe that reaches almost from one to the other.
P460:5, 41:5.1 That the suns of space are not very dense is proved by the steady streams of escaping light-energies. Too great a density would retain light by opacity until the light-energy pressure reached the explosion point. There is a tremendous light or gas pressure within a sun to cause it to shoot forth such a stream of energy as to penetrate space for millions upon millions of miles to energize, light, and heat the distant planets. Fifteen feet of surface of the density of Earth would effectually prevent the escape of all X rays and light-energies from a sun until the rising internal pressure of accumulating energies resulting from atomic dismemberment overcame gravity with a tremendous outward explosion.
P460:6, 41:5.2 Light, in the presence of the propulsive gases,
is highly explosive when confined at high temperatures by opaque retaining
walls. Light is real. As you value energy and power on your world, sunlight
would be economical at a million dollars a pound.
P460:7, 41:5.3 The interior of our sun is a vast X-ray
generator. The suns are supported from within by the incessant bombardment of
these mighty emanations.
P460:8, 41:5.4 It requires more than one-half million years for
an X-ray-stimulated electron to work its way from the very center of an average
sun up to the solar surface, whence it starts out on its space adventure, maybe
to warm an inhabited planet, to be captured by a meteor, to participate in the
birth of an atom, to be attracted by a highly charged dark island of space, or
to find its space flight terminated by a final plunge into the surface of a sun
similar to the one of its origin.
P461:1, 41:5.5 The X rays of a sun's interior charge the highly
heated and agitated electrons with sufficient energy to carry them out through
space, past the hosts of detaining influences of intervening matter and, in
spite of divergent gravity attractions, on to the distant spheres of the remote
systems. The great energy of velocity required to escape the gravity clutch of a
sun is sufficient to insure that the sunbeam will travel on with unabated
velocity until it encounters considerable masses of matter; whereupon it is
quickly transformed into heat with the liberation of other energies.
P461:2, 41:5.6 Energy, whether as light or in other forms, in its flight through space moves straight forward. The actual particles of material existence traverse space like a fusillade. They go in a straight and unbroken line or procession except as they are acted on by superior forces, and except as they ever obey the linear-gravity pull inherent in material mass and the circular-gravity presence of the Isle of Paradise.
P461:3, 41:5.7 Solar energy may seem to be propelled in waves,
but that is due to the action of coexistent and diverse influences. A given form
of organized energy does not proceed in waves but in direct lines. The presence
of a second or a third form of force-energy may cause the stream under
observation to appear to travel in wavy formation, just as, in a blinding
rainstorm accompanied by a heavy wind, the water sometimes appears to fall in
sheets or to descend in waves. The raindrops are coming down in a direct line of
unbroken procession, but the action of the wind is such as to give the visible
appearance of sheets of water and waves of raindrops.
P461:4, 41:5.8 The action of certain secondary and other
undiscovered energies present in the space regions of your local universe is
such that solar-light emanations appear to execute certain wavy phenomena as
well as to be chopped up into infinitesimal portions of definite length and
weight. And, practically considered, that is exactly what happens. We can hardly
hope to arrive at a better understanding of the behavior of light until such a
time as we acquire a clearer concept of the interaction and interrelationship of
the various space-forces and solar energies operating in the space regions of
Nebadon. Our present confusion is also due to our incomplete grasp of this
problem as it involves the interassociated activities of the personal and
nonpersonal control of the master universe -- the presences, the performances,
and the co-ordination of the Conjoint Actor and the Unqualified Absolute.
P461:5, 41:6.1 In deciphering spectral phenomena, it should be
remembered that space is not empty; that light, in traversing space, is
sometimes slightly modified by the various forms of energy and matter which
circulate in all organized space. Some of the lines indicating unknown matter
that appear in the spectra of our sun are due to modifications of well-known
elements which are floating throughout space in shattered form, the atomic
casualties of the fierce encounters of the solar elemental battles. These
wandering derelicts, especially sodium and calcium, pervade space.
P461:6, 41:6.2 Calcium is, in fact, the chief element of the
matter-permeation of space throughout Orvonton. Our whole superuniverse is
sprinkled with minutely pulverized stone. Stone is literally the basic building
matter for the planets and spheres of space. The cosmic cloud, the great space
blanket, consists for the most part of the modified atoms of calcium. The stone
atom is one of the most prevalent and persistent of the elements. It not only
endures solar ionization -- splitting -- but also persists in an associative
identity even after the destructive X rays have battered it and shattered by the
high solar temperatures. Calcium possesses individuality and a longevity
excelling all of the more common forms of matter.
P462:1, 41:6.3 As physicists have suspected, these mutilated
remnants of solar calcium literally ride the light beams for varied distances,
and thus their widespread dissemination throughout space is tremendously
facilitated. The sodium atom, under certain modifications, is also capable of
light and energy locomotion. The calcium feat is all the more remarkable since
this element has almost twice the mass of sodium. Local space-permeation by
calcium is due to the fact that it escapes from the solar photosphere, in
modified form, by literally riding the outgoing sunbeams. Of all the solar
elements, calcium, notwithstanding its comparative bulk -- containing as it does
twenty revolving electrons -- is the most successful in escaping from the solar
interior to the realms of space. This explains why there is a calcium layer, a
gaseous stone surface, on the sun six thousand miles thick; and this despite the
fact that nineteen lighter elements, and numerous heavier ones, are underneath.
P462:2, 41:6.4 Calcium is an active and versatile element at
solar temperatures. The stone atom has two agile and loosely attached electrons
in the two outer electronic circuits, which are very close together. Early in
the atomic struggle it loses its outer electron; whereupon it engages in a
masterful act of juggling the nineteenth electron back and forth between the
nineteenth and twentieth circuits of electronic revolution. By tossing this
nineteenth electron back and forth between its own orbit and that of its lost
companion more than twenty-five thousand times a second, a mutilated stone atom
is able partially to defy gravity and thus successfully to ride the emerging
streams of light and energy, the sunbeams, to liberty and adventure. This
calcium atom moves outward by alternate jerks of forward propulsion, grasping
and letting go the sunbeam about twenty-five thousand times each second. And
this is why stone is the chief component of the worlds of space. Calcium is the
most expert solar-prison escaper.
P462:3, 41:6.5 The agility of this acrobatic calcium electron
is indicated by the fact that, when tossed by the temperature-X-ray solar forces
to the circle of the higher orbit, it only remains in that orbit for about one
one-millionth of a second; but before the electric-gravity power of the atomic
nucleus pulls it back into its old orbit, it is able to complete one million
revolutions about the atomic center.
P462:4, 41:6.6 Our sun has parted with an enormous quantity of its calcium, having lost tremendous amounts during the times of its convulsive eruptions in connection with the formation of the solar system. Much of the solar calcium is now in the outer crust of the sun.
P462:5, 41:6.7 It should be remembered that spectral analyses show only sun-surface compositions. For example: Solar spectra exhibit many iron lines, but iron is not the chief element in the sun. This phenomenon is almost wholly due to the present temperature of the sun's surface, a little less than 6,000 degrees, this temperature being very favorable to the registry of the iron spectrum.
P463:1, 41:7.1 The internal temperature of many of the suns,
even our own, is much higher than is commonly believed. In the interior of a sun
practically no whole atoms exist; they are all more or less shattered by the
intensive X-ray bombardment that is indigenous to such high temperatures.
Regardless of what material elements may appear in the outer layers of a sun,
those in the interior are rendered very similar by the dissociative action of
the disruptive X rays. X ray is the great leveler of atomic existence.
P463:2, 41:7.2 The surface temperature of our sun is
almost 6,000 degrees, but it rapidly increases as the interior is penetrated
until it attains the unbelievable height of about 35,000,000 degrees in the
central regions. (All of these temperatures refer to the Fahrenheit scale.)
P463:3, 41:7.3 All of these phenomena are indicative of enormous energy expenditure, and the sources of solar energy, named in the order of their importance, are:
P463:11, 41:7.4 There exists a regulating blanket of hot gases (sometimes millions of degrees in temperature) which envelops the suns, and which acts to stabilize heat loss and otherwise prevent hazardous fluctuations of heat dissipation. During the active life of a sun the internal temperature of 35,000,000 degrees remains about the same quite regardless of the progressive fall of the external temperature.
P463:12, 41:7.5 You might try to visualize 35,000,000 degrees of
heat, in association with certain gravity pressures, as the electronic boiling
point. Under such pressure and at such temperature all atoms are degraded and
broken up into their electronic and other ancestral components; even the
electrons and other associations of ultimatons may be broken up, but the suns
are not able to degrade the ultimatons.
P463:13, 41:7.6 These solar temperatures operate to enormously
speed up the ultimatons and the electrons, at least such of the latter as
continue to maintain their existence under these conditions. You will realize
what high temperature means by way of the acceleration of ultimatonic and
electronic activities when you pause to consider that one drop of ordinary water
contains over one billion trillions of atoms. This is the energy of more than
one hundred horsepower exerted continuously for two years. The total heat now
given out by the solar system sun each second is sufficient to boil all the
water in all the oceans on Earth in just one second of time.
P464:1, 41:7.7 Only those suns which function in the direct
channels of the main streams of universe energy can shine on forever. Such solar
furnaces blaze on indefinitely, being able to replenish their material losses by
the intake of space-force and analogous circulating energy. But stars far
removed from these chief channels of recharging are destined to undergo energy
depletion -- gradually cool off and eventually burn out.
P464:2, 41:7.8 Such dead or dying suns can be rejuvenated by
collisional impact or can be recharged by certain non-luminous energy islands of
space or through gravity-robbery of near-by smaller suns or systems. The
majority of dead suns will experience revivification by these or other
evolutionary techniques. Those that are not thus eventually recharged are
destined to undergo disruption by mass explosion when the gravity condensation
attains the critical level of ultimatonic condensation of energy pressure. Such
disappearing suns thus become energy of the rarest form, admirably adapted to
energize other more favorably situated suns.
P464:3, 41:8.1 In those suns which are encircuited in the space-energy channels, solar energy is liberated by various complex nuclear-reaction chains, the most common of which is the hydrogen-carbon-helium reaction. In this metamorphosis, carbon acts as an energy catalyst since it is in no way actually changed by this process of converting hydrogen into helium. Under certain conditions of high temperature the hydrogen penetrates the carbon nuclei. Since the carbon cannot hold more than four such protons, when this saturation state is attained, it begins to emit protons as fast as new ones arrive. In this reaction the ingoing hydrogen particles come forth as a helium atom.
P464:4, 41:8.2 Reduction of hydrogen content increases the luminosity of a sun. In the suns destined to burn out, the height of luminosity is attained at the point of hydrogen exhaustion. Subsequent to this point, the resultant process of gravity contraction maintains brilliance. Eventually, such a star will become a so-called white dwarf, a highly condensed sphere.
P464:5, 41:8.3 In large suns -- small circular nebulae -- when
hydrogen is exhausted and gravity contraction ensues, if such a body is not
sufficiently opaque to retain the internal pressure of support for the outer gas
regions, then a sudden collapse occurs. The gravity-electric changes give origin
to vast quantities of tiny particles devoid of electric potential, and such
particles readily escape from the solar interior, thus bringing about the
collapse of a gigantic sun within a few days. It was such an emigration of these
"runaway particles" that occasioned the collapse of the giant nova of
the Andromeda nebula about a hundred years ago. This vast stellar body collapsed
in forty minutes.
P464:6, 41:8.4 As a rule, the vast extrusion of matter
continues to exist about the residual cooling sun as extensive clouds of nebular
gases. And all this explains the origin of many types of irregular nebulae, such
as the Crab nebula, which had its origin about nine hundred fifty years ago, and
which still exhibits the mother sphere as a lone star near the center of this
irregular nebular mass.
P465:1, 41:9.1 The larger suns maintain such a gravity control over their electrons that light escapes only with the aid of the powerful X rays. These helper rays penetrate all space and are concerned in the maintenance of the basic ultimatonic associations of energy. The great energy losses in the early days of a sun, subsequent to its attainment of maximum temperature -- upwards of 35,000,000 degrees -- are not so much due to light escape as to ultimatonic leakage. These ultimaton energies escape out into space, to engage in the adventure of electronic association and energy materialization, as a veritable energy blast during adolescent solar times.
P465:2, 41:9.2 Atoms and electrons are subject to gravity. The ultimatons are not subject to local gravity, the interplay of material attraction, but they are fully obedient to absolute or Paradise gravity, to the trend, the swing, of the universal and eternal circle of the universe of universes. Ultimatonic energy does not obey the linear or direct gravity attraction of near-by or remote material masses, but it does ever swing true to the circuit of the great ellipse of the far-flung creation.
P465:3, 41:9.3 Our solar center radiates almost one hundred
billion tons of actual matter annually, while the giant suns lose matter at a
prodigious rate during their earlier growth, the first billion years. A sun's
life becomes stable after the maximum of internal temperature is reached, and
the subatomic energies begin to be released. And it is just at this critical
point that the larger suns are given to convulsive pulsations.
P465:4, 41:9.4 Sun stability is wholly dependent on the
equilibrium between gravity-heat contention -- tremendous pressures
counterbalanced by unimagined temperatures. The interior gas elasticity of the
suns upholds the overlying layers of varied materials, and when gravity and heat
are in equilibrium, the weight of the outer materials exactly equals the
temperature pressure of the underlying and interior gases. In many of the
younger stars continued gravity condensation produces ever-heightening internal
temperatures, and as internal heat increases, the interior X-ray pressure of
super-gas winds becomes so great that, in connection with the centrifugal
motion, a sun begins to throw its exterior layers off into space, thus
redressing the imbalance between gravity and heat.
P465:5, 41:9.5 Our sun has long since attained relative
equilibrium between its expansion and contraction cycles, those disturbances
which produce the gigantic pulsations of many of the younger stars. Our sun is
now passing out of its six billionth year. At the present time it is functioning
through the period of greatest economy. It will shine on as of present
efficiency for more than twenty-five billion years. It will probably experience
a partially efficient period of decline as long as the combined periods of its
youth and stabilized function.
P465:6, 41:10.1 Some of the variable stars, in or near the
state of maximum pulsation, are in process of giving origin to subsidiary
systems, many of which will eventually be much like your own sun and its
revolving planets. Your sun was in just such a state of mighty pulsation when
the massive Angona system swung into near approach, and the outer surface of the
sun began to erupt veritable streams -- continuous sheets -- of matter. This
kept up with ever-increasing violence until nearest apposition, when the limits
of solar cohesion were reached and a vast pinnacle of matter, the ancestor of
the solar system, was disgorged. In similar circumstances the closest approach
of the attracting body sometimes draws off whole planets, even a quarter or
third of a sun. These major extrusions form certain peculiar cloud-bound types
of worlds, spheres much like Jupiter and Saturn.
P466:2, 41:10.3 The physical aspects of the individual worlds
are largely determined by mode of origin, astronomical situation, and physical
environment. Age, size, rate of revolution, and velocity through space are also
determining factors. Both the gas-contraction and the solid-accretion worlds are
characterized by mountains and, during their earlier life, when not too small,
by water and air. The molten-split and collisional worlds are sometimes without
extensive mountain ranges.